Donghai Bridge China


Donghai Bridge (simplified Chinese: 东海大桥; traditional Chinese: 東海大橋; pinyin: Dōnghǎi Dàqiáo; literally "East Sea Grand Bridge") was the longest cross-sea bridge in the world and the longest bridge in Asia until Hangzhou Bay Bridge opened on 1 May 2008. It was completed on December 10, 2005. It has a total length of 32.5 kilometres (20.2 miles) and connects mainland Shanghai and the offshore Yangshan deep-water port in China. Most of the bridge is a low-level viaduct. There are also cable-stayed sections to allow for the passage of large ships, largest with span of 420 m.

Controversy
An article on infrastructure investments in China in The Economist magazine claims, "Shanghai has had a tendency in recent years to spend big money on projects of questionable value...."

The investment in the Donghai Bridge and the new deep water port at Yangshan might have been better spent expanding the existing deep water port at nearby Ningbo. The Hangzhou Bay Bridge will make Ningbo even more accessible to Shanghai.


Hangzhou Bridge China



The twinned towers of the bridge, from the northbound span

Hangzhou Bay Bridge (simplified Chinese: 杭州湾大桥; traditional Chinese: 杭州灣大橋; pinyin: Hángzhōu Wān Dàqiáo), is a bridge with cable-stayed bridge portion across Hangzhou Bay off the eastern coast of China. It was linked up on June 14, 2007,[1] and connects the municipalities of Shanghai and Ningbo in Zhejiang province. The bridge is the longest trans-oceanic bridge in the world, although it does not have the longest cable-stayed main span. The opening ceremony was held on June 26, 2007 with great domestic media publicity, though after the opening ceremony, the bridge would only be used for test and evaluation purposes. It was opened to the public on May 1, 2008.

Description
Construction of this bridge started on June 8, 2003. The bridge itself is 35.673 kilometres (22 mi) long with six expressway lanes in two directions, making it the second-longest bridge in the world after the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway in Louisiana, USA. The bridge has two main spans, with a 448-metre (1,470 ft) northern span, and a 318-metre (1,043 ft) southern span.[3] The designated speed is 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph), and the designed longevity is more than 100 years. The total investment on the bridge was RMB 11.8 billion (US$ 1.4 billion as of December 2004). 35% of this amount was raised from private companies in Ningbo, 59% was provided as loans from China's central and regional banks. Orthotropic steel deck is used on its main spans and five ramp bridges, and was paved with 50 millimetres (2.0 in) epoxy asphalt concrete. The bridge is shaped in an 's', so that the annual silver dragon is minimully affected. The length of the bridge is decorated with flashing lights of different colors to distract from drowsiness, and keep attention on the road instead.

History
The bridge underwent various feasibility studies for a decade before it was finally approved in 2003. The original plan was for the northern end of the bridge to start at Jinshan, a suburb of Shanghai. After objections were raised by the Shanghai Municipal Government, however, it was shifted south to the territory of Zhejiang province. The Hangzhou Bay Bridge connects Cixi City, west of Ningbo, to Jiaxing. Whereas previously the trip from Ningbo to Shanghai and southern Jiangsu involved a detour of around 400 km (249 mi), the bridge reduces that distance to 80 km (50 mi), a reduction of 320 km (199 mi). The result is that Ningbo, with its port at Beilun, will be able to compete with Shanghai's port Pudong for international sea freight.

Hangzhou Bay Bridge

Carries 6 lanes of expressway
Crosses Hangzhou Bay
Locale Jiaxing / Cixi City
Longest span 448 m (1,470 ft)
Total length 35.673 km (22 mi)
Beginning date of construction June 8, 2003
Completion date June 26, 2007
Opening date May 1, 2008
Toll yes


Jiangyin Suspension Bridge China


The Jiangyin Suspension Bridge is the most seaward bridge to cross the Yangtze River of China. It connects the cities of Jiangyin and Jingjiang. The main span of the bridge is 1,385 metres (4,544 ft) meters long, making it the sixth-longest span suspension bridge in the world and the largest in China at the time of its completion in 1999. With the completion of the Runyang Bridge in 2005 and the Xihoumen Bridge in 2007 it became the third largest in China.

Located in the center of the Jiangsu Province, it carries the traffic from two national expressways; Tongjiang-Sanya Expressway on the east coast and the Beijing-Shanghai Expressway on the west. There are three traffic lanes in both directions and pedestrian sidewalks. The location of the bridge was selected because it is a spot where the river is narrow. The height clearance for river navigation is 50 metres (164 ft).

The bridge was planned so that it would be completed in time to mark the 50th anniversary of the Chinese Revolution of 1947. It was the first long-span bridge of its kind to be designed in China. Foundation work began in 1994. Engineering, manufacture and construction of the bridge was completed in just less than three years. The concrete towers are 190 metres (623 ft) tall, roughly equivalent in height to a 60 story building. The main span is made of flat streamlined steel box girders. The steel deck was erected by raising pre-assembled units weighing up to 500 metric tons with jacks. (pictures) The side spans are made by pre-stressed continuous concrete girders. The bridge opened on September 28, 1999.

In 2002 the bridge received an award at the International Bridge Conference for "...outstanding achievement in bridge engineering that, through vision and innovation, provides an icon to the community for which it was designed


Tsing Ma Bridge Hong Kong - China



Tsing Ma bridge viewed from the Tsing Yi Island visitors centre.


Tsing Ma Bridge viewed from Tung Wan Beach, Ma Wan

Tsing Ma Bridge is a bridge in Hong Kong, China. It is the world's seventh-longest span suspension bridge. The bridge was named after two of the islands in Hong Kong, namely Tsing Yi and Ma Wan . It has two decks and carries both road and rail traffic, which also makes it the largest suspension bridge of this type. The bridge has a main span of 1,377 metres (4,518 ft) and a height of 206 metres (676 ft). The span is the largest of all bridges in the world carrying rail traffic.

The 41 metres (135 ft) wide bridge deck carries six lanes of automobile traffic, with three lanes in each direction. The lower level contains two rail tracks. There are also two sheltered carriageways on the lower deck for maintenance access and as backup for traffic when particularly severe typhoons strike Hong Kong. Though road traffic would need to be closed in that case, trains could still get through in either direction.

[edit] Major components
Bridge tower foundations - one tower located on Wok Tai Wan of Tsing Yi side and the other on a man-made island 120 m from the coast of Ma Wan Island. Both towers are 206m above sea level and founded on relatively shallow bedrock. The towers are two-legged with trusses at intervals, in the form of portal beam design. The legs were constructed with high-strength concrete of 50 MPa (concrete grade 50/20) strength, using a slipform system in a continuous operation.
Anchorages - the pulling forces in the main suspension cables is taken up by large gravity anchorages located at both ends of the bridge. They are massive concrete structures deeply seated on bedrock on the landside of Tsing Yi and Ma Wan island. The total weight of concrete used in the Tsing Yi anchorage is 200,000 tonnes and Ma Wan Anchorage is 250,000 tonnes.
Main cables - The cables were constructed by an aerial spinning process. The process involved drawing wires from a constant-tension supply, and pulling loops of these wires from one anchorage to the other, passing a 500-tonne cast-iron saddle on top of each bridge tower seating the cable. A total of 70,000 nos. galvanised wires of 5.38 mm diameter were placed and adjusted to form the 2 nos. of 1.1 m diameter main cables.
Suspended deck - The steelwork for the deck structure was fabricated in Britain and Japan. After delivery, they were further processed and assembled in Dongguan of China into standard deck modules. A total of 96 modules, each 18 m long and about 480 tonnes in weight, were prepared. These deck modules were brought to the site by specially designed barges and raised into the deck position by a pair of strand jack gantries that could manoeuvre along the main cable.
Approach span on Tsing Yi side - similar in form and cross-section to the suspended deck, but the approach span was supported on piers instead of cable-support. The first span was assembled on the ground and raised into position using strand jacks. Further erection then proceeded in cantilever in smaller sections, using derrick cranes stationed on the deck level. An expansion joint which allowed for a maximum thermal movement of ± 835 mm was also provided and located inside the approach span section.

Carries 6 lanes of roadway (upper)
2 MTR rail lines, 2 lanes of roadway (lower)
Crosses Ma Wan Channel
Locale Ma Wan Island and Tsing Yi Island
Design Double-decked suspension bridge
Longest span 1,377 metres (4,518 ft)
Width 41 metres (135 ft)
Opening date April 27, 1997
Toll HK$30 (cars)
Coordinates 22°21′05″N, 114°04′27″E



The Akashi-Kaikyō Bridge Japan



View from water level


At night.


Viewed from an airplane.

Jembatan Akashi-Kaikyō (明石海峡大橋; Akashi Kaikyō Ō-hashi) adalah jembatan gantung (suspension bridge) di atas selat Akashi yang menghubungkan Maiko di kota Kobe dengan kota Awaji di pulau Awaji, Jepang. Jembatan tol Akashi-Kaikyo terlihat indah di waktu malam dengan gemerlap lampu-lampu beraneka warna, sehingga jembatan ini juga dikenal dengan nama Pearl Bridge (jembatan mutiara).

Sebelum Jembatan Akashi-Kaikyō dibangun, kapal feri merupakan satu-satunya sarana transportasi yang dipakai untuk menyeberangi derasnya selat Akashi. Di tahun 1955, terjadi tabrakan akibat cuaca buruk di Laut Pedalaman Seto antara 2 kapal feri dengan korban 168 tewas yang sebagian besar anak-anak sekolah yang sedang studi wisata. Kemarahan masyarakat mendorong pemerintah Jepang untuk mulai merancang jembatan-jembatan yang menghubungkan pulau-pulau di Laut Pedalaman Seto, termasuk di antaranya jembatan gantung di atas selat Akashi. Pada mulanya, Jembatan Akashi-Kaikyō dirancang untuk dilewati kendaraan bermotor dan kereta api, tapi pada saat proyek pembangunan diumumkan pada bulan April 1986 ternyata jembatan hanya untuk dilewati kendaraan bermotor saja (semuanya ada 6 jalur). Pembangunan fisik dimulai tahun 1988 dan jembatan dibuka untuk umum pada tanggal 5 April 1998.

Konstruksi
Jembatan terdiri dari 3 rentangan dengan panjang keseluruhan 3.911 meter. Panjang rentangan utama yang ada di tengah-tengah 1991 meter, sedangkan panjang 2 rentangan yang menuju ke darat, masing-masing 960 meter. Panjang rentangan utama melar 1 meter akibat Gempa bumi besar Hanshin 17 Januari 1995, padahal sewaktu dibangun panjangnya cuma 1990 meter. Menara jembatan tempat kabel-kabel diikat, tingginya 300 meter di atas permukaan laut.

Jembatan dirancang agar bisa bertahan dari gempa bumi hingga 8,5 skala Richter, derasnya arus laut di Selat Akashi, serta tiupan angin kencang hingga kecepatan angin maksimum 286 km/jam.

Total biaya pembangunan diperkirakan 5 miliar dolar AS yang diharapkan bisa balik modal dengan memberlakukan tarif tol yang mahal.

Tujuan wisata
Jembatan Akashi-Kaikyō mempunyai 2 buah taman untuk tujuan wisata yang letaknya berseberangan, satu di sisi Maiko dan satu lagi di sisi pulau Awaji.

Museum mengenai jembatan Akashi-Kaikyō terdapat di taman yang terletak di sisi Maiko. Wisatawan dapat naik ke atas jembatan untuk menyaksikan pemandangan laut selat Akashi. Taman Maiko (bahasa Jepang:舞子公園, Maiko kō-en)dapat dicapai dengan kereta JR dan kereta Sanyo Dentetsu.

Iluminasi
Serangkaian lampu dari tabung sinar katoda berwarna dasar merah, hijau, biru menghiasi kabel-kabel utama yang menahan jembatan Akashi-Kaikyō. Desainer iluminasi bernama Ishii Motoko merancang warna-warni lampu pada kabel utama jembatan agar berubah-ubah sesuai jam, hari, dan musim. Warna lampu-lampu di hari biasa: hijau di musim semi, biru di musim panas, merah di musim gugur, dan kuning di musim dingin. Warna-warni pelangi ditampilkan satu jam sekali sebagai penunjuk waktu, sedangkan setiap setengah jam sekali ditampilkan warna-warni batu mulia. Gemerlapnya lampu-lampu jembatan dapat dinikmati sampai jam 12 tengah malam. Sekali setahun untuk memperingati Gempa Bumi Hanshin, setiap tanggal 17 Januari jembatan Akashi-Kaikyō hanya menampilkan lampu-lampu berwarna putih tanda berduka.

Carries 6 lanes of roadway
Crosses Akashi Strait
Locale Awaji Island and Kobe
Maintained by Honshū-Shikoku Bridge Authority
Design Suspension bridge
Longest span 1,991 metres (6,532 ft)
Total length 3,911 metres (12,831 ft)
Clearance below 65.72 meters
Opening date April 5, 1998
Toll 2,300 Yen or US$20
Coordinates 34°36′59″N 135°01′13″E / 34.61639, 135.02028Coordinates: 34°36′59″N 135°01′13″E / 34.61639, 135.02028


Great Belt Bridge Denmark



Viewed from airplane


viewed from top

The Great Belt Fixed Link (Danish: Storebæltsforbindelsen) is the fixed link between the Danish islands of Zealand and Funen across the Great Belt. It consists of a road suspension bridge and railway tunnel between Zealand and the island Sprogø, as well as a box girder bridge between Sprogø and Funen. The "Great Belt Bridge" (Danish: Storebæltsbroen) commonly refers to the suspension bridge, although it may also be used to mean the beam bridge or the link in its entirety. The suspension bridge, known as the East Bridge, has the world's third longest main span (1.6 km).

The link replaces the ferries which had been the primary means of crossing Great Belt for more than 100 years. After decades of speculation and debate, the decision to construct the link was made in 1986; while it was originally intended to complete the railway link three years before opening the road connection, the link was opened to rail traffic in 1997 and road traffic in 1998. At an estimated cost of DKK 21.4 billion (1998 prices), the link is the largest construction project in Danish history.

The everyday operation and maintenance of the link is done by the company A/S Storebælt under Sund & Bælt. In order to pay back the construction expenses, the road connection is a toll road, and train operators pay a fixed toll per train in order to cross. The link has reduced travel times significantly; previously taking about an hour by ferry, Great Belt can now be crossed in about 10 minutes.

Construction
The construction of the fixed link across the Great Belt became the biggest building project ever in the history of Denmark. In order to connect Halsskov on Zealand with Knudshoved on Funen, 18 kilometres to its west, a two-track railway and a four-lane motorway had to be built, aligned via the small island Sprogø in the middle of the Great Belt. In general terms, the project comprised three different construction tasks: The East Bridge for road transport, the East Tunnel for rail transport and the West Bridge for road and rail transport combined.

Official name Østbroen
Carries Motor vehicles
Crosses Great Belt
Maintained by A/S Storebælt
Design Suspension bridge
Piers in water 19
Longest span 1,624 metres (5,328 ft)
Total length 6,790 metres (22,277 ft)
Width 31 metres (102 ft)
Height 254 metres (833 ft)
Clearance below 65 metres (213 ft)
Opening date June 14, 1998
Coordinates 55°20′31″N 11°02′10″E / 55.34194, 11.03611


Verrazano-Narrows Bridge USA



Panoramic view of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, from Staten Island looking toward Brooklyn.


Verrazano Bridge viewed from the deck of the Norwegian Dawn cruise ship.

The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is a double-decked suspension bridge that connects the boroughs of Staten Island and Brooklyn in New York City at the Narrows, the reach connecting the relatively protected upper bay with the larger lower bay.

The bridge is named for Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano, the first known European navigator to enter New York Harbor and the Hudson River, while crossing The Narrows. It has a center span of 4,260 feet (1,298 m) and was the largest suspension bridge in the world from the time of its completion in 1964 until 1981. It now has the eighth longest center span in the world, and is the largest suspension bridge in the United States. Its massive towers can be seen throughout a good part of the New York metropolitan area, including from spots in all five boroughs of New York City.

The bridge furnishes a critical link in the local and regional highway system. It is the starting point of the New York City Marathon. The bridge marks the gateway to New York Harbor; all cruise ships and most container ships arriving at the Port of New York and New Jersey must pass underneath the bridge. Most ships must be built to accommodate the clearance under the bridge.[citation needed]

Among local residents, it is often referred to as simply the Verrazano Bridge or Verrazano-Narrows.

September 11, 2001
On the morning of September 11, 2001, United Airlines Flight 175 was hijacked and flown directly over the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge en route to the World Trade Center. Metropolitan Transportation Authority officials had earlier expressed concern about the plane's proximity to the bridge and later closed the bridge's upper deck after the plane struck the South Tower. When details of the attack on The Pentagon emerged, the MTA shut down the Verrazano-Narrows bridge, along with most other traffic throughout the city. After the collapse of the North Tower, the MTA opened both an eastbound and westbound lane of the bridge to allow traffic to flow briefly before closing it again at 1:00 p.m. that day. It remained closed until the following morning at 9:00 a.m

Bridge usage
The one-way toll (paid westbound into Staten Island only) in cash is $10 per car or $4.50 per motorcycle. E-ZPass users get a discount of $1.70 per car.

As of March 2007, there is a reduced toll of $4.80 for Staten Island residents. There is also a significant carpool discount. From 1964 to 1986, the toll was collected in both directions, until Staten Island residents concerned about pollution from idling vehicles called for one way tolls. However, as of 2007 the eastbound toll booths are still in place, requiring drivers to slow down. While the high cost of the toll between Brooklyn and Staten Island has always been an issue for residents, some[who?] favor the toll because they see it as a way to curb population growth on Staten Island.

Recently, residents living on both ends of the bridge have lobbied for pedestrian access. In October 2003, Mayor Michael Bloomberg promised to look into establishing the long-awaited pedestrian and bicycle access.

Official name Verrazano-Narrows Bridge
Carries 12 lanes (6 lanes upper and 6 lanes lower) of I-278
Crosses The Narrows
Locale New York City (Staten Island – Brooklyn)
Maintained by Triborough Bridge & Tunnel Authority TBTA
Design Double-decked Suspension bridge
Longest span 4,260 feet (1,298 m)
Vertical clearance 15 feet (4.6 m) (upper level)
14.4 feet (4.4 m) (lower level)
Clearance below 228 feet (69.5 m) at mean high water[1]
AADT 194,000[2]
Opening date November 21, 1964 (upper level)
June 28, 1969 (lower level)
Toll $10.00 as of March 16, 2008 (westbound only per car in cash); discount available with E-ZPass.


Golden Gate Bridge San Francisco USA



Air show over Golden Gate Bridge.


Viewing from edge of Baker Beach.


The Golden Gate Bridge by night, with part of downtown San Francisco visible in the background at far left.

The Golden Gate Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning the Golden Gate, the opening of the San Francisco Bay onto the Pacific Ocean. As part of both US Highway 101 and California Route 1, it connects the city of San Francisco on the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula to Marin County.

The Golden Gate Bridge had the longest suspension bridge span in the world when it was completed in 1937 and has become an internationally recognized symbol of San Francisco and California. Since its completion, the span length has been surpassed by eight other bridges. It still has the second longest suspension bridge main span in the United States, after the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in New York City. In 2007, it was ranked fifth on the List of America's Favorite Architecture by the American Institute of Architects.

[edit] Setting
The Golden Gate Bridge spans the Golden Gate, a narrow, 400-foot (120 m) deep strait that serves as the mouth of the San Francisco Bay, between San Francisco at the northernmost tip of the San Francisco Peninsula, and the Marin Headlands at the far southern end of Marin County. Although close by proximity, the two sides of the strait are separated by significant natural obstacles. Crossing the strait directly by boat is dangerous because of strong currents and lack of suitable landings. Ocean tides drive an average of 528 billion gallons (2 billion cubic meters) of water every six hours, at peak currents exceeding 5.6 miles per hour (2.5 m/s). Circumnavigating the Bay, however, involves a trip of several hundred miles and crossing several major rivers

Carries 6 lanes of U.S. Route 101/State Route 1, pedestrians and bicycles
Crosses Golden Gate
Locale San Francisco, California and Marin County, California
Maintained by Golden Gate Bridge, Highway and Transportation District[1]
Design Suspension, truss arch & truss causeways
Longest span 4,200 feet (1,280 m)[2]
Total length 8,981 feet (2,737 m)
Width 90 feet (27 m)
Height 746 feet (227 m)
Vertical clearance 14 feet (4.3 m) at toll gates, higher truck loads possible
Clearance below 220 feet (67 m) at mean higher high water
AADT 100,000[2]
Opening date 27 May 1937
Toll US$5.00 (southbound) (US$4.00 with FasTrak) .

posting yang menarik ... makasih bro @william
gue sudah sering membaca tentang hal ini ...

jadi gue disini akan membahas mengapa jembatan2 terpanjang didunia menggunakan suspension [kabel gantung]?

1. Menara dapat ditempatkan jauh terpisah mengurangi tiang2 dan piers, sehingga dapat menjangkau jarak yang jauh. Beberapa jembatan suspension mempunyai main span lebih dari 4000 ft. Jembatan suspension terpanjang di dunia berada di dalam Jepang (Akashi Kaikyo Bridge).
2. lebih ekonomis, karena tidak memerlukan tiang2 penyangga dan pier yang banyak.
3. lebih tahan terhadap pengaruh angin dan gempa, dikarenakan jembatan memiliki elastisitas tinggi.

jembatan tipe ini selain memiliki elastisitas tinggi juga kuat, berikut konsep-nya:



1. Kabel harus diamankan dan dijangkar ketanah untuk menjamin kekuatan tegangan cable agar mampu menopang konstruksi.
Kenapa? lihat pada Figur 1a dan 1b. Di Figur 1a anjungan bukan dijangkar ke darat. Apa yang terjadi pada jembatan?

figur 1a
figur 1b

2. apa fungsi dari menara penyangga kabel yang tinggi?
fungsinya adalah sebagai penyangga utama dimana kabel digantungkan agar memiliki kekuatan yang sempurna maka tiang ini harus memiliki gaya tarik yang seimbang dari dua sisi untuk mencagah patahnya tiang, sehingga hanya gaya vertikal yang bekerja, sesuai dengan fusngsinya sebagai penopang.


ini adalah ilustrasi apa bila tiang mendapat gaya tarik yang tidak seimbang --> bisa menyebabkan patahnya tiang.


lain halnya apabila tiang mendapat daya tarik di kedua sisinya ---> tiang menjadi lebih kokoh karena gaya tarik dikedua sisi membuat tiang hanya mengalami gaya vertikal.

demikian, semoga bermanfaat
silahkan apabila ada bro/sis yang mau menambahkan, atau memberi masukan

Mackinac Bridge USA



Mackinac Bridge at night


The Mackinac Bridge during a thunderstorm

The Mackinac Bridge (pronounced /ˈmækɨnɔː/, with a silent "c" at the end of the word), is a suspension bridge spanning the Straits of Mackinac to connect the non-contiguous Upper and Lower peninsulas of the U.S. state of Michigan. Envisioned since the 1880s, the bridge was completed only after many decades of struggles to begin construction. Designed by engineer David B. Steinman, the bridge (familiarly known as "Big Mac" and "Mighty Mac") connects the city of St. Ignace on the north end with the village of Mackinaw City on the south. It is the longest suspension bridge between anchorages.

Length
The bridge opened on November 1, 1957, ending decades of the two peninsulas being solely linked by ferries. A year later, the bridge was formally dedicated as "the world's longest suspension bridge between anchorages". This designation was chosen because the bridge would not be the world's largest using another way of measuring suspension bridges, the length of the center span between the towers; at the time that title belonged to the Golden Gate Bridge, which has a longer center span. By saying "between anchorages", the bridge could be considered longer than the Golden Gate Bridge, and also longer than the suspended western section of the San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge. (That bridge has a longer total suspension but is a double bridge with an anchorage in the middle.)

The Mackinac Bridge is the longest suspension bridge with two towers between anchorages (8,614 feet) (2,626 m) in the Western Hemisphere.[3] Much longer anchorage-to-anchorage spans have been built in the Eastern Hemisphere, including the Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge in Japan (12,826 feet) (3,909 m). However, because of the long leadups to the anchorages on the Mackinac, from shoreline to shoreline it is much longer than the Akashi-Kaikyo (5 miles compared to 2.4 miles).

The length of the bridge's main span is 3,800 feet (1,158 m), which makes it the third-longest suspension span in the United States and twelfth longest worldwide.

Carries 4 lanes of Interstate 75
Crosses Straits of Mackinac
Locale Mackinaw City and St. Ignace, Michigan
Maintained by Mackinac Bridge Authority[1]
Design Suspension bridge
Longest span 3,800 feet (1,158 m)
Total length 26,372 feet (8,038 m)
Width 68 feet (20.7 m)
Height 522 feet (159 m)
Vertical clearance 200 feet (61 m)
Clearance below 155 feet (47 m)
AADT 11,600
Opening date November 1, 1957
Toll $1.50 per axle for passenger vehicles ($3.00 per car). $3.50 per axle for motor homes. $3.50 per axle for commercial vehicles.

Minami Bisan-Seto Bridge Japan


The Minami Bisan-Seto Bridge (南備讃瀬戸大橋, Minami Bisan Seto Ō-hashi?) is a suspension bridge with a center span of 1,100 metres (3,609 ft). It is the 13th longest suspension bridge span in the world. The span carries roadway and the Seto-Ōhashi Line railway tracks. It is part of the Seto-Chuo Expressway and with the other 5 bridges along this route are collectively known as the Seto-Ohashi Bridges. The nearly identical Kita Bisan-Seto Bridge (北備讃瀬戸大橋, Kita Bisan Seto Ō-hashi?) is located immediately to the north.

Carries 4 lanes of roadway (upper)
2 rail lines (lower)
Crosses Seto Inland Sea
Maintained by Honshū-Shikoku Bridge Authority
Design Double-decked suspension bridge
Longest span 1,100 metres (3,609 ft)
Total length 1,648 metres (5,407 ft)
Opening date 1988
Toll 4,850 Yen (Seto-Ohashi Bridge)
Coordinates 34°21′49″N, 133°49′34″E


Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge Turkey



Panoramic view at dusk from the Asian side

The Fatih Sultan Bridge, also known as the Second Bosphorus Bridge (in Turkish: Fatih Sultan Mehmet Köprüsü or 2. Boğaziçi Köprüsü), is a bridge in Istanbul, Turkey spanning the Bosphorus strait (Turkish: Boğaziçi). The bridge is named after the 15th century Ottoman Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror, who conquered Istanbul in 1453 and ended the Byzantine Empire.

[edit] Location
The bridge is situated between Hisarüstü (European side) and Kavacık (Asian side). It is a gravity-anchored suspension bridge with steel pylons and inclined hangers. The aerodynamic deck is hanging on double vertical steel cables. It is 1,510 m long with a deck width of 39 m. The distance between the towers (main span) is 1,090 m (World rank: 14th) and their height over road level is 105 m. The clearance of the bridge from sea level is 64 m. It was the 6th longest suspension bridge span in the world when completed in 1988.

Construction
The bridge was designed by Freeman Fox & Partners, who had previously also designed the Bosphorus Bridge. An international consortium of three Japanese companies (including IHI Corporation and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries), one Italian and one Turkish company carried out the construction works. The bridge was completed on July 3, 1988 and opened by Prime Minister Turgut Özal who drove his official car by himself as the first to pass. The cost of the bridge amounted to USD 130 million.

Bosphorus Bridge Istanbul - Turkey




Jembatan Bosporus (bahasa Turki: Boğaziçi Köprüsü) adalah sebuah jembatan yang terletak di Istanbul, Turki. Jembatan sepanjang 1.510 m ini merentang di atas Selat Bosporus. Bosporus selesai dibangun pada 30 Oktober 1973.


Kurushima-kaikyō Bridge Japan



View of the roadway

The Kurushima-Kaikyō Bridge (来島海峡大橋, Kurushima Kaikyō Ō-hashi?), which connects the island of Ōshima to the main part of Shikoku, is the world's longest suspension bridge structure[1] and was completed in 1999. The bridge is part of the Shimanami Kaidō, an expressway that spans a series of islands and connects Hiroshima Prefecture in Honshū to Ehime Prefecture in Shikoku. The bridge and the expressway were both conceived by the Honshū-Shikoku Bridge Project.

Construction
The Kurushima-Kaikyō Bridge consists of three successive suspension bridges with six towers and four anchorages. There is a shared anchorage that joins each suspension bridge to the next. Its construction is similar to the western portion of San Francisco-Oakland Bay Bridge which is two successive suspension bridges with four towers and one shared anchorage. The bridge's total length of 4,015 metres (13,173 ft), is just a little longer than the total length of the two tower Akashi-Kaikyō Bridge, which is 3,911 metres (12,831 ft).

First Kurushima-Kaikyō Bridge (来島海峡第一大橋, Kurushima Kaikyō Daiichi Ō-hashi?), main span 600 metres (1,969 ft), ranks 47th largest two tower suspension bridge
Second Kurushima-Kaikyō Bridge (来島海峡第二大橋, Kurushima Kaikyō Daini Ō-hashi?), main span 1,020 metres (3,346 ft), ranks 16th largest
Third Kurushima-Kaikyō Bridge (来島海峡第三大橋, Kurushima Kaikyō Daisan Ō-hashi?), main span 1,030 metres (3,379 ft), ranks 15th largest .

Carries 4 lanes of roadway
moped lane
bicycle/pedestrian lane
Crosses Seto Inland Sea
Locale Imabari, Ehime, Japan
Maintained by Honshū-Shikoku Bridge Project
Design Suspension bridge
Total length 4,015 metres (13,173 ft)
Width 27 metres (89 ft)
Beginning date of construction May 15, 1988
Opening date May 1, 1999
Coordinates 34°7′14″N, 132°59′51″E


25 de Abril Bridge Portugal



25 de Abril Bridge


25 de Abril Bridge with the city of Lisbon in the background.

The 25 de Abril Bridge (translation: 25th of April Bridge, in Portuguese: Ponte 25 de Abril, pron. IPA: ['põt(ɨ) 'vĩt(ɨ) 'sĩku dɨ ɐ'bɾiɫ]) is a suspension bridge connecting the city of Lisbon, capital of Portugal, to the municipality of Almada on the left bank of the Tagus river. It was inaugurated on August 6, 1966 and a train platform was added in 1999. It is often compared to the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, USA, due to their similarities and same construction company. With a total length of 2,277 m, it is the 17th largest suspension bridge in the world. The upper platform carries six car lanes, the lower platform two train tracks. Until 1974 the bridge was known as Salazar Bridge.

Construction
Since the late 19th century there had been proposals to build a bridge for Lisbon. In 1929 the idea advanced as Portuguese engineer and entrepreneur António Belo requested a Government concession for a rail crossing between Lisbon and Montijo (where the Vasco da Gama Bridge, the second bridge serving Lisbon, was built in 1998). This forced the Minister of Public Works Duarte Pacheco to form a commission in 1933 to analyze the request. In 1934, the result was a proposal to build a road and rail bridge, and bids were obtained. This proposal was put aside in favor of a bridge which was built in Vila Franca de Xira, 35 km north of Lisbon.

In 1953 a new Government commission started working and recommended in 1958 building the bridge, choosing the south anchor point adjacent to the recently built monument to Christ the King (Cristo-Rei). In 1959 the international open bid for the project received four bids. In 1960 the winner was announced as a consortium headed by the United States Steel Export Company, which had submitted a bid in 1935.

On November 5, 1962 construction began. 45 months later the bridge was inaugurated on August 6, 1966, six months ahead of schedule. Presiding at the ceremony was the President of Portugal, Admiral Américo Thomaz. Also present were the Prime-Minister, dictator António de Oliveira Salazar, and the Patriarch of Lisbon, Cardinal Manuel Gonçalves Cerejeira. The bridge was christened Salazar Bridge (Ponte Salazar), in honor of the Prime-Minister.

The bridge was built by the American Bridge Company, part of the winning consortium, assisted by eleven local companies. The steel was imported from the USA. Four workers lost their lives, out of 3,000 that worked on the site, for a total of 2,185,000 man-hours of work. The total cost of the bridge came to 2,200,000,000 Portuguese escudos, or US $ 32 million (US $201 million in 2006 adjusted for inflation).

25 de Abril Bridge.Soon after the Carnation Revolution in 1974, the bridge was renamed the 25 de Abril Bridge, the day the revolution had occurred. A symbol of those times was captured on film, with citizens removing the big "Salazar" brass sign from one of the main pillars of the bridge and painting a provisional "25 de Abril" in its place.

Official name Ponte 25 de Abril
Carries Six road lanes
Two train tracks
Crosses Tagus river
Locale Lisbon, Portugal (right bank)
Municipality of Almada (left bank)
Maintained by Lusoponte [1]
Design Suspension
Longest span 1,012.88 m
Total length 2,277.64 m
Clearance below 70 m at mean higher high water
AADT 150,000 cars
157 trains
Opening date August 6, 1966
Toll 1.30 euro (northbound )


Severn Bridge United Kingdom



Severn Bridge looking toward Wales

Jembatan Severn (Bahasa Welsh: Pont Hafren) adalah sebuah jembatan suspensi yang melintasi Sungai Severn dari Gloucestershire Selatan, di utara Bristol ke Monmouthshire di selatan Wales.

Jembatan ini membutuhkan waktu 5 tahun dalam pembangunannya dan menghabiskan £8 juta. Jembatan ini dibuka pada 8 September 1966 oleh Ratu Elizabeth II, yang menyatakan jembatan ini sebagai era ekonomi baru bagi South Wales.

Carries 4 lane M48 motorway
Crosses Severn Estuary
Locale South West England/South East Wales
Design Suspension bridge
Longest span 3,240 ft (988 m)
Vertical clearance 445 ft (136 m)
Opening date 8 September 1966
Toll Car: £5.30
Van: £10.60
HGV: £15.90
Motorcycle: Free
Coordinates 51°36′32″N 2°38′18″W / 51.609, -2.6384Coordinates: 51°36′32″N 2°38′18″W / 51.609, -2.6384


Shimotsui-Seto Bridge Japan


The Shimotsui-Seto Bridge (下津井瀬戸大橋, Shimotsui Seto Ō-hashi?) is a suspension bridge with a center span of 940 metres (3,084 ft) which connects Honshū with the island of Hitsuishijima. It is the 22nd largest suspension bridge in the world. The span carries roadway and the Seto-Ōhashi Line railway tracks. It is the northernmost bridge of the Seto-Shuo Expressway and with the other 5 bridges along this route are collectively known as the Seto-Ohashi Bridges

Carries 4 lanes of roadway (upper)
2 rail lines (lower)
Crosses Seto Inland Sea
Locale Hitsuishijima and Honshū
Maintained by Honshū-Shikoku Bridge Authority
Design Double-decked suspension bridge
Longest span 940 metres (3,084 ft)
Total length 1,400 metres (4,593 ft)
Opening date 1988
Toll 4,850 Yen (Seto-Ohashi Bridge)
Coordinates 34°25′50″N 133°48′22″E / 34.43056, 133.80611Coordinates: 34°25′50″N 133°48′22″E / 34.43056, 133.80611


Humen Pearl River Bridge China



The Humen Bridge and the Weiyuan Fort of Humen Town

The Humen Pearl River Bridge is a suspension bridge over the Pearl River in Guangdong Province, southern China. It connects the Nansha District of Guangzhou to Humen Town of Dongguan. Completed in 1997 it has a main span of 888 meters.


[edit] Economic significance
The Humen Bridge across the Bocca Tigris, the mouth of the Pearl River, is an important link in the expressway network of Guangdong Province in southern China, connecting the Shenzhen and Zhuhai Economic Zones, as well as the rest of the coastal region, with Hong Kong and Macau.


[edit] Features
The 3618-m-long bridge is divided into five sections: the east approach, the main navigation channel section, the middle approach, an auxiliary navigation channel bridge, and the west approach. Geological conditions at the bridge site are relatively good, with bedrock overlaid by thin soil layers, although conditions differ on each side of the river. Hurricanes are common occurrences, so the design wind speed at the bridge deck level was established at 61 m/s.


Ōnaruto Bridge Kobe Japan


The Ōnaruto Bridge (大鳴門橋, Ōnaruto-kyō?) is a suspension bridge on the route connecting Kobe with Naruto, Tokushima, Japan. Completed in 1985, it has a main span of 876 metres (2,874 ft). Although it is one of the largest bridges in the world, it is dwarfed by the Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge, which is on the same route. In 2004, 6.8 million cars and trucks crossed this bridge, translating into a daily average of about 18,600.

Carries 4 lanes of roadway
Crosses Naruto Strait
Locale Naruto, Tokushima and Awaji Island
Maintained by Honshū-Shikoku Bridge Authority
Design Suspension bridge
Longest span 876 metres (2,874 ft)
Clearance below 41 metres (135 ft)
AADT 18,600
Opening date 1985
Coordinates 34°14′19″N 134°39′05″E / 34.23861, 134.65139Coordinates: 34°14′19″N 134°39′05″E / 34.23861, 134.65139


Askøy Bridge Norway


Askøy Bridge (Norwegian: Askøybrua) is a suspension bridge that crosses Byfjorden between the city of Bergen and Askøy in Hordaland county, Norway. Opened in December 1992, it has the longest span in Norway, despite not being the country's longest suspension bridge. The bridge is 1057 metres long, while the main span is 850 metres and the clearance to the sea 62 metres.[1] The bridge has 7 spans, and was a toll bridge until November 18, 2006.

Official name Askøybrua
Carries Riksvei 562 (motor vehicles)
Crosses Byfjorden
Locale Bergen-Askøy municipal border, Norway
Maintained by Norwegian Public Roads Administration
Design Suspension
Longest span 850 m (2789 feet)[1]
Total length 1057 m (3468 feet)[1]
Width 15.5 m (51 feet)[1]
Clearance below 62 m (203 feet)[1]
AADT 14,600[2]
Beginning date of construction 1989
Completion date 1992[1]
Opening date December 12, 1992
Coordinates 60°23′46″N 5°12′51″E / 60.396134, 5.214214


Chesapeake Bay Bridge USA



View of both spans from the Queen Anne's County side

http://andromeda.bluefameupload.com/img/55...ma_60465636.jpg
Panoramic view of the bridge

The Chesapeake Bay Bridge (commonly known as the Bay Bridge) is a major dual-span bridge in the U.S. state of Maryland. Spanning the Chesapeake Bay, it connects the state's rural Eastern Shore region with the urban Western Shore. The original span opened in 1952 and at the time, with a length of 4.3 miles (7 km), was the world's longest continuous over-water steel structure. A parallel span was added in 1973 giving rise to the bridge's current dual-span nature. The bridge is officially named the William Preston Lane, Jr. Memorial Bridge after William Preston Lane, Jr. who, as governor of Maryland, implemented its construction.

The bridge is part of U.S. Routes 50 and 301, and serves as a vital link in both routes. As part of U.S. Route 50, it connects the Baltimore-Washington Metropolitan Area with tourist destinations such as Ocean City, Maryland, Delaware's ocean resorts, Assateague Island, and Chincoteague, Virginia. As part of U.S. Route 301, it serves as part of an alternate route for Interstate 95 travelers between northern Delaware and the Washington, D.C. area. Because of this, the bridge is heavily traveled and has become known as a point of traffic congestion, particularly during peak hours.

Official name William Preston Lane, Jr. Memorial Bridge
Carries 5 lanes of US 50/US 301, 2 eastbound, 2 westbound, 1 reversible
Crosses Chesapeake Bay
Locale Anne Arundel County, Maryland and Queen Anne's County, Maryland
Maintained by Maryland Transportation Authority
Design twin steel cantilever bridge (eastbound), arch bridge (westbound) and suspension bridge
Longest span 1,600 ft (490 m)
Total length 22,790 ft or 4.914 mi (6,946 m)
Width 28 ft (8.5 m) (eastbound)
38 ft (11.5 m) (westbound)
Clearance below 186 ft (56.7 m)
AADT 61,000
Opening date July 30, 1952 (eastbound)
June 28, 1973 (westbound)
Toll $2.50 (eastbound) (E-ZPass )


Lions' Gate Bridge Canada



View of Lions' Gate Bridge and North Vancouver from Prospect Point in Stanley Park.

Lions' Gate Bridge, officially known as the First Narrows Bridge,[1] is a suspension bridge that crosses the first narrows of Burrard Inlet and connects the City of Vancouver, British Columbia, to the North Shore municipalities of the District of North Vancouver, the City of North Vancouver, and West Vancouver. The term "Lions' Gate" reflects the Lions, a pair of mountain peaks north of Vancouver.

The total length of the bridge including the north viaduct is 1,823 metres (5,890 feet). The length including approach spans is 1,517.3 m (4,978 ft), the main span alone is 472 m (1,550 ft), the tower height is 111 m (364 ft), and it has a ship's clearance of 61 m (200 ft). Prospect Point in Stanley Park offered a good high south end to the bridge, but the low flat delta land to the north required construction of the extensive North Viaduct.

The bridge has three reversible lanes, the use of which is indicated by signals. The centre lane changes direction to accommodate for traffic patterns. The traffic volume on the bridge is 60,000 - 70,000 vehicles per day. Trucks exceeding 13 tonnes (14.3 tons) are prohibited, as are vehicles using studded tires.

The bridge forms part of Highways 99 and 1A.

Official name First Narrows Bridge
Carries Automobiles, Pedestrians and Cyclists
Crosses Burrard Inlet
Locale North Vancouver, British Columbia
Longest span 472 m (1,550 ft)
Total length 1,823 metres (5,890 feet)
Load limit 13 tonnes (14.3 tons)
Clearance below 61 m (200 ft)
AADT 60,000 - 70,000
Beginning date of construction March 31, 1937
Opening date November 14, 1938


Hercilio Luz Bridge Brazil


Located in Florianopolis, the capital city of Santa Catarina State in southern Brazil, the Hercilio Luz Bridge is the first bridge constructed to link the Island of Santa Catarina to the mainland.

It is the longest suspension bridge in Brazil. The central span was considered quite long (but not the longest, at 340 meters) at the time of its opening and is still one of the 100 largest suspension bridges.

The bridge was designed by the firm of Robinson & Steinman, and completed in 1926 and took ten times its original budget to build. It was named in honour of Hercilio Luz, a former governor of the state of Santa Catarina. The bridge has been closed since 1991.

It has the fairly unusual feature that the truss carrying the roadway (a continuous stiffening component) is above the roadway itself and meets up with the cables making it non uniform in height. A similar bridge, the Walter Taylor Bridge, was built over the Brisbane River in Brisbane, Australia in 1936.

The bridge was built by American Bridge Company, which, perhaps more than any other company in the world, was best qualified to work on a bridge with a continuous stiffening component. The Florianopolis Bridge when built from 1922 to 1926 was the longest eyebar suspension span in existence at that time. The 11 13’-O”-long design features towers with rocker bearings. The company brought to that project its own experimental heat-treated eyebars, and as project contractor pioneered stiffening techniques that saved materials and money while providing greater rigidity.

Another bridge of similar design, the Silver Bridge over the Ohio River in the USA, collapsed in 1967 due to a failure in one of the eyebars.

Carries closed since 1991
Design suspension truss
Longest span 340 m
Opening date 1926
Coordinates 27°35′36.60″S, 48°33′53.64″W


Deer Isle-Sedgwick Bridge USA


The Deer Isle-Sedgwick Bridge is a suspension bridge spanning Eggemoggin Reach in the state of Maine. The bridge is the only vehicular connection from the Maine mainland to Little Deer Isle, one of the segments that make up the island. The span was completed in March 1939 with a main span of 329 meters (1,088 feet). The bridge was designed by Holton Duncan Robinson and David Bernard Steinman (David & Steinman), and was a sister, in a way, to the Tacoma Narrows and Whitestone Bridges because the three spans encountered wind problems of various kinds, all leading to span modification, such as cable stays (excluding the Tacoma Narrows, which was rebuilt after its 1940 collapse). The Deer Isle Bridge was heavily modified with numerous cable stays connecting cables to the tower and tower to the deck. The span today carries two narrow lanes of State Route 15.

A re-decking project currently underway is expected to be completed in May 2008.

Carries Motor vehicles
Crosses Eggemoggin Reach
Locale Sedgwick, Maine
Design Suspension
Longest span 1,088 feet (329 meters)
Clearance below 85 feet (25.9 meters)
Opening date 1939

Selamat Menikmati dan jangan lupa komentarnya.

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The Millau Viaduct Bridge, French


Jembatan Millau di Perancis, sekarang ini merupakan jembatan "vehicular" tertinggi di dunia.



Panoramic view of Millau Viaduct from south-east side


Jembatan Millau (Bahasa Perancis: le Viaduc de Millau) adalah sebuah jembatan jalan bersanggahkan kabel yang menyeberangi lembah Sungai Tarn dekat Millau di selatan Perancis. Dirancang oleh teknisi jembatan Perancis Michel Virlogeux dalam kerja sama dengan arsitek Britania, Lord Foster, Millau merupakan jembatan "vehicular" tertinggi di dunia, dengan tonggak puncak pada 341 meter (1.118 kaki); sedikit lebih tinggi dari Menara Eiffel dan hanya 40 m (132 kaki) lebih pendek dari Gedung Empire State. Millau dibuka resmi pada 14 Desember 2004 dan dibuka untuk lalu lintas pada 16 Desember 2004.

Official name Le Viaduc de Millau
Carries 4 lanes of the A75 autoroute
Crosses Valley of the River Tarn
Locale Millau, France
Design Cable-Stayed
Longest span 342 m (1,122 ft)
Total length 2,460 m (8,071 ft)
Width 32 m (105 ft)
Clearance below 270 m (886 ft) at maximum
Opening date December 14, 2004


Keep update Bro

Tatara Bridge, Japan


The Tatara Bridge (多々羅大橋, Tatara Ōhashi?) is a cable-stayed bridge that is part of the Nishiseto Expressway, commonly known as the Shimanami Kaidō しまなみ海道. The bridge has a center span of 890 metres (2,920 ft). As of 2008 it has the second longest main span of any cable-stayed bridge after the Sutong Bridge. The expressway is a series of roads and bridges that is one of the three routes of the Honshū-Shikoku Bridge Project connecting the islands of Honshū and Shikoku across the Seto Inland Sea in Japan. The Kurushima-Kaikyō Bridge is on the same route.

The bridge, which opened on May 1, 1999, carries two lanes of traffic in both directions and has additional lanes for bicycles, motor bikes, and pedestrians.

The Tatara Bridge was originally planned as a suspension bridge in 1973. In 1989 the design was changed to a cable-stayed bridge with the same span. By building a cable-stayed bridge a large excavation for an anchorage would not be needed, thereby lessening the environmental impact on the surrounding area. The steel towers are 220 metres (722 ft) high and shaped like an inverted Y.

Construction of the bridge took a little more than six years and was accomplished without any accidents. Many technological advancements were part of the design and testing of the bridge.

Carries 4 lanes of roadway
bicycle/pedestrian lanes
Crosses Seto Inland Sea
Locale Hiroshima and Ehime Prefectures
Maintained by Honshū-Shikoku Bridge Authority
Design Cable-stayed bridge
Longest span 890 metres (2,920 ft)
Total length 1,480 metres (4,856 ft)
Width 30.6 metres (100 ft)
Clearance below 26 metres (85 ft)
Opening date May 1, 1999
Coordinates 34°15′34″N, 133°03′51″E

Pont de Normandie, French


The Pont de Normandie (or Bridge of Normandy) is a cable-stayed road bridge that spans the river Seine linking Le Havre to Honfleur in Normandy, northern France. Its total length is 2143.21 m (856 m between the 2 piers).

Construction
The bridge was designed by Michel Virlogeux. The architects were François Doyelle and Charles Lavigne.[1] Construction by Bouygues, Campenon Bernard, Dumez, Monberg & Thorson, Quillery, Sogea and Spie Batignolles[1] began in 1988 and lasted 7 years. The bridge opened on January 20, 1995.

At that time the bridge was both the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world, and had the record for the longest distance between piers for any cable-stayed bridge. It was more than 250 m longer between piers than the previous record. This record was lost in 1999 to the Tatara Bridge in Japan. Its record for length for a cable-stayed bridge was lost in 2004 to the 2883 meters of the Rio-Antirio. At the end of construction, the bridge had cost $465 million.

The cable-stayed design was chosen because it was both cheaper and more resistant to high winds than a suspension bridge.

Structure
The span, 23.60 m wide, is divided into 4 lanes for traffic and 2 lanes for pedestrians. The pylons, made of concrete, are shaped as upside-down Ys. They weigh more than 20,000 tons and are 214.77 m tall. More than 19,000 tons of steel were used and 184 cables were used.

Carries A29 autoroute
Crosses Seine
Locale Le Havre–Honfleur, France
Maintained by Société des Autoroutes de Paris Normandie
Design Cable-stayed bridge
M. Virlogeux, F. Doyelle, C. Lavigne
Longest span 856 m
Total length 2143.21 m
Width 23.60 m
Height 214.77 m
Opening date 1995
Coordinates 49°26′09″N, 0°16′28″E

Oresund Bridge, Sweden


View from Malmö


View from Öresund


The Oresund Bridge (Danish Øresundsbroen, Swedish Öresundsbron, joint hybrid name Øresundsbron) is a combined two-track rail and four-lane road bridge across the Oresund strait. The bridge-tunnel is the longest combined road and rail bridge in Europe and connects the two metropolitan areas of the Oresund Region: the Danish capital of Copenhagen and the Swedish city of Malmö. The international European route E20 runs across the bridge and through the tunnel via the two lane motorway, as does the Oresund Railway Line. The bridge is the longest border crossing bridge in the world, both constructed and owned privately.

Name
In Sweden and Denmark the bridge is most often referred to as Öresundsbron or Øresundsbroen, respectively. The bridge company itself insists on Øresundsbron, a compromise between the two languages which would symbolise a common cultural identity of the region, the people becoming 'Oresund citizens' once the bridge was established. Since it is actually a bridge and a tunnel, it is sometimes more technically correctly named the Oresund Link or Oresund Connection (Danish: Øresundsforbindelsen, Swedish: Öresundsförbindelsen). The Sound Bridge is occasionally heard, using the traditional English name of the strait.

History
Construction began in 1995. The last section was constructed on August 14, 1999. Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark and Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden met midway to celebrate its completion. The official inauguration took place on July 1, 2000, with Queen Margrethe II, and King Carl XVI Gustaf, presiding. The bridge was opened for traffic later that day. Before the inauguration 79,871 runners competed in a half marathon (Broloppet, the Bridge Run) from Amager (in Denmark) to Skåne (in Sweden) on June 12, 2000. The bridge was finished 3 months ahead of schedule.

Initially the usage of the bridge was not as high as expected, which was generally attributed to the expense of crossing. 2005 and 2006, however, have seen a rapid increase in the volume of traffic on the bridge. This phenomenon may be due to Danes buying homes in Sweden and commuting to their work in Denmark, because the price of housing in Malmö is lower than in Copenhagen. As of 2008 a single car ride across the bridge costs DKK 260, SEK 325 or EUR 36 (however, discounts of up to 75% are available for regular users). In 2007 almost 25 million people traveled over the bridge, 15.2 million in cars and buses and 9.6 million by train.

Features
The bridge has one of the longest cable-stayed main spans in the world at 490 metres (1,608 ft). The height of the highest pillar is 204 metres (669 ft). The total length of the bridge is 7,845 metres (25,738 ft), which is approximately half the distance between the Swedish and Danish landmasses, and its weight is 82,000 metric tons. On the bridge, the two rail-tracks are beneath the four road lanes. The bridge has a vertical clearance of 57 metres (187 ft), although most boat traffic across Oresund still passes over the Drogden strait (where the tunnel lies). The bridge was designed by Arup.

Peberholm, artificial island
The bridge ends in the middle of Øresund, on an artificially built island, called Peberholm. The island is more than 4 km long and a few hundred metres wide, belongs to Denmark and is now an unpopulated natural reserve.

The Drogden Tunnel
The connection between Peberholm and the nearest populated part of Denmark is through a tunnel, called Drogdentunnelen (the Drogden Tunnel). The tunnel is 4,050 metres (13,287 ft) long, a 3,510 metre long buried undersea tunnel plus two 270-metre gate-tunnels. The reason to build a tunnel here instead of another bridge is that it is too near the Copenhagen Airport.

Carries 4 lanes of European route E20
Double track Oresund Railway Line
Crosses Oresund strait (The Sound)
Locale Copenhagen, Denmark and Malmö, Sweden
Design Cable-stayed bridge
Longest span 490 metres (1,608 ft)
Total length 7,845 metres (25,738 ft)
Width 23.5 metres (77.1 ft)
Clearance below 57 metres (187 ft)
AADT ca. 17,000 road vehicles
Opening date July 2, 2000
Toll 260DKK[1] /325SEK[2] /36EUR[3]
Coordinates 55°34′31″N, 12°49′37″E

Rama VIII Bridge, Thailand


Rama VIII bridge during the daytime


The Rama VIII Bridge in Bangkok, Thailand, officially opened on September 20, 2002. The cable-stayed bridge consists of a single pylon located approximately one-third of the distance from the northwest end of the bridge. Golden suspension cables extend from this pylon to the road surface. The Bridge is 2.45 km long including approach spans, and spans the Chao Phraya River. The bridge is named after the eighth reign of the Chakri dynasty, that of King Ananda Mahidol. It has become a notable tourist attraction, and is depicted on the back of the Series 15 20-baht banknote, behind a portrait of King Ananda Mahidol.

Carries 4 lanes of roadway, pedestrians
Crosses Chao Phraya River
Design Cable-stayed bridge
Longest span 300 m
Total length 2.45 km
Opening date September 20, 2002

busyed keren keren nih jembatannya... indonesia yang terpanjang dimana ya ????

Rio-Antirio Bridge, Yunani


The bridge at night, various color combinations for the bridges illuminations are used.


The bridge height allows unobstructed navigation through the strait.


The Rio-Antirio bridge (Greek: Γέφυρα Ρίου-Αντιρρίου), officially called "Charilaos Trikoupis" bridge after the statesman who first envisioned it, is a cable-stayed bridge crossing the Gulf of Corinth near Patras, linking the town of Rio on the Peloponnese to Antirio on mainland Greece.

Improved transportation
The 2,880 meters (9,449 ft) long bridge dramatically improves access to and from the Peloponnese, which could previously be reached only by ferry or via the isthmus of Corinth at its extreme east end. Its width is 28 m — it has two vehicle lanes per direction, an emergency lane and a pedestrian walkway. Its five-span four-pylon cable-stayed portion of length 2,252 meters (7,388 ft) is the world's second longest cable-stayed deck; only the deck of the Millau Viaduct is longer at 2,460 meters (8,071 ft). However, as the latter is also supported by bearings at the pylons apart from cable stays, the Rio-Antirio bridge deck might be considered the longest cable-stayed "suspended" deck.

This bridge is widely considered to be an engineering masterpiece owing to several solutions applied to span the difficult site. These difficulties include deep water, insecure materials for foundations, seismic activity, the probability of tsunamis, and the expansion of the Gulf of Corinth due to plate tectonics.

Its official name is the Charilaos Trikoupis Bridge. Charilaos Trikoupis was a 19th century Greek prime minister, and suggested the idea of building a bridge between Rio and Antirio; however, the endeavour was too expensive at the time, when Greece was trying to get a late foot into the Industrial Revolution

Official name Charilaos Trikoupis Bridge
Carries 6 lanes, (2 lanes each way & 2 emergency lanes) & 1 pedestrian & bicycle lane
Crosses Gulf of Corinth
Locale Rio & Antirio
Maintained by Gefyra SA
Design Cable-stayed bridge by Berdj Mikaelian
Longest span 560 meters (1,837.27 ft)
Total length 2,880 meters (9,448.82 ft)
Width 27.2 meters (89.24 ft)
AADT Expected: 11,000 vehicles/day
Opening date August 7, 2004
Toll Cars: 11.20 €
Motorcycles: 1.80 €
Coaches: 26.20–56.50 €
Trucks: 17.30–38.00 €

Skarnsund Bridge, Norway


Skarnsund Bridge (Norwegian: Skarnsundet bru) connects the municipalities of Mosvik and Inderøy in Nord-Trøndelag in Norway together as part of route 755. The sound Skarnsundet connects Trondheim Fjord with Beitstad Fjord while the bridge connects the regions of Innherred with Fosen.

Design
The bridge is one of the world's longest cable-stayed bridges, with a length of 1 010 meters. The span is 530 meters, while the two towers are 152 metes above sea level. It is the longest concrete cable-stayed span.[1] The sailing height is 45 meters. The bridge was, on its completion, the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world by the length of main span.

The Skarnsund Bridge has won many awards, including "Beautiful Roads Award", "The Road Director's Award", "The Concrete Plate -92" and "FIP Award" (an international concrete award). The original construction work also included 1.6 km of new road. In the construction of the bridge, starting in 1988, 19.600 km³ concrete was used and the 208 cables with a total length of 33 km weigh 1 030 tonnes. The cables have a diameter varying between 52 mm and 85 mm and can, if needed, be replaced separately. The bridge is fundamented in bedrock below the seabed under each tower. The bridge was build to withstand winds up to 48,5 m/s (century storms) and is control calculated for earthquakes.

Financing
In total, the bridge cost 219 million NOK, whereof 30% was to be paid by tolls, which were collected at a toll plaza on the Inderøy side. The company AS Skarnsundbrua was incorporated to collect the money, and the final collection of money occurred on May 15, 2007.

The final tolls were

NOK 33 for motor bikes,
NOK 66 for cars,
NOK 198 for trucks, and
NOK 330 for trucks with trailers.

Official name Skarnsundet bru
Carries Road vehicles and Pedestrians
Crosses Skarnsundet
Locale Inderøy and Mosvik
Maintained by Nord-Trøndelag Road Department
Design Cable-stayed bridge
Longest span 530 metres (1,739 ft)
Total length 1,010 metres (3,314 ft)
Clearance below 45 metres (148 ft)
Opening date December 19, 1991
Toll NOK 33 / 66 / 198 / 330
Coordinates 63°50′35.42″N 11°4′31.54″E / 63.8431722, 11.0754278

Kanchanaphisek Bridge, Thailand


Kanchanaphisek Bridge (Thai: สะพานกาญจนาภิเษก) is a cable stayed bridge crossing the Chao Phraya river in Samut Prakan Province, Thailand. It is part of the Outer Ring Road encircling Bangkok. The bridge was opened to traffic on November 15, 2007, and has a main span of 500 metres.

The bridge was designed by Parsons Brinckerhoff. There are plans to charge a toll, though as of November 2007 usage of the bridge is free of charge.

Official name Kanchanaphisek Bridge
Carries 6 lanes of Motorway Route 9
Crosses Chao Phraya River
Locale Samut Prakan Province, Thailand
Design Cable-stayed bridge
Longest span 500 m
Total length 951 m
Width 36.7 m
Height 187.6 m
Clearance below 50.5 m
Beginning date of construction 2004
Opening date 15 November 2007
Coordinates 13°38′05″N 100°32′15″E / 13.634831, 100.537477Coordinates: 13°38′05″N 100°32′15″E / 13.634831, 100.537477

Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge, USA

Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge view from Patriot's Point, July 2006. The last fragments of the two old bridges can be seen in the background


The Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge, also known as the Cooper River Bridge, is a cable-stayed bridge over the Cooper River in South Carolina, connecting downtown Charleston to Mount Pleasant. The eight lane bridge satisfied the capacity of U.S. Highway 17 when it opened in 2005 to replace two obsolete cantilever truss bridges. The bridge has a main span of 1,546 feet (471 m), the longest among cable-stayed bridges in the Western Hemisphere. It was built using the design-build method and was designed by Parsons Brinckerhoff.

[edit] Funding
Raising financial support for a new eight-lane bridge over the Cooper River was a struggle 20 years in the making, prolonged by the state's insistence that it could not afford such a bridge and by Charleston's reluctance to provide any funds for the project. Several proposals were made for a toll bridge, but the mayors of Charleston and Mount Pleasant objected. When officials revealed in 1995 that the Grace Bridge scored a 4 out of 100 for safety and integrity, retired U.S. Congressman Arthur Ravenel, Jr. ran for the South Carolina Senate with a goal of solving the funding problem. He helped to establish the S.C. Infrastructure Bank and worked with local, state, and federal officials to create partnerships that helped to materialize the final funding.

The State Infrastructure Bank budgeted $325 million to accompany $96.6 million from the Federal Highway Administration. The project did not become a reality, however, until the SIB agreed to commit to a $215 million federal loan, provided that Charleston County would contribute $3 million a year for 25 years, including an 8.33% sales tax increase, to the federal loan, as well as yearly payments from the SCDOT and State Ports Authority. The overall price of the bridge totaled around 700 million dollars

Design

Road deck of the Arthur Ravenel, Jr. Bridge.Charleston’s new bridge over the Cooper River is a cable-stayed suspension design with two diamond-shaped towers, each soaring to a height of 575 feet (175 m). The total length of the structure is 13,200 feet (4.0 km), with the main span stretching 1,546 feet (471 m) between the towers. 128 individual cables anchored to the inside of the diamond towers suspend the deck 186 feet (57 m) above the river. The roadway consists of eight 12-foot (3.7 m) lanes, four in each direction. A campaign by locals eventually led to the addition of a 12-foot bicycle and pedestrian path to the design, which runs along the entire south edge of the bridge overlooking Charleston Harbor and the Atlantic Ocean.

The bridge superstructure is designed to withstand shipping accidents and the natural disasters that have plagued Charleston’s history. The span is designed to endure wind gusts in excess of 300mph (480 km/h), far stronger than those of the worst storm in Charleston's history, Hurricane Hugo in 1989. Engineers also had to be mindful of the 1886 earthquake that nearly leveled Charleston. The Ravenel Bridge is designed to withstand an earthquake to approximately 7.4 on the Richter scale without total failure. To protect the bridge from uncontrolled ships, the towers are flanked by one-acre rock islands. Any ship will run aground on the islands before it can collide with the towers.

Construction
Groundbreaking on the bridge occurred in 2001 in Mount Pleasant. The bridge was built as a design-build project, meaning that one contract was signed to both design and construct the bridge. This meant that construction could begin even while the design was not yet finalized. The bridge was built by a joint venture of two major construction firms operating under the name Palmetto Bridge Constructors. The joint venture partners were Tidewater Skanska of Norfolk, Virginia and Flatiron Constructors of Longmont, Colorado. The construction joint venture hired Parsons Brinckerhoff to complete the design. For the sake of simplifying labor and equipment resources, Palmetto Bridge Constructors actually managed the building of the bridge as five separate projects (the two highway interchanges at either end of the bridge, the two approach spans, and the cable-stayed span) going on simultaneously.

By the summer of 2002 the foundations for the towers and most of the piers were in place and the rock islands were completed. The steel and concrete towers began to ascend from the islands soon after. Originally, each of the towers was to be topped with a 50 foot multicolored LED "beacon," but public opinion caused this plan to be scrapped.

The first cables were hung from the towers in 2004--as a time-saving measure, this was done before the towers were wholly completed. Sections of the deck were built outward from each of the towers as more cables were hung.

Fireworks celebration, July 2005, to kick off the new bridge.The decks of the approaches were taking shape as well. Construction of part of the roadway actually occurred over the top of the old cantilever bridges, which remained open to traffic without interruption.

A ceremony was held in March 2005, when the last slab of the deck was added, thus making the bridge "complete." But paving, installation of lights and signs, and cleanup meant that the bridge would not open for another four months.

Following a week-long celebration that included a public bridge walk, concerts, dinners, and fireworks, the bridge was dedicated and opened on July 16, 2005 – one year ahead of schedule and under budget. The bridge was featured on the TV show Extreme Engineering.

Official name Arthur Ravenel Jr. Bridge
Carries U.S. Route 17
Crosses Cooper River
Locale Charleston, South Carolina
Maintained by South Carolina Department of Transportation
Design Cable-stayed bridge
Longest span 1,546 feet (471 m)
Total length 13,200 feet (4.0 km)
Width eight 12-foot (3.7 m) lanes
Clearance below 186 feet (57 m)
AADT 78,100[1]
Opening date July 16, 2005
Coordinates 32°48′10″N 79°54′54″W / 32.80278, -79.915Coordinates: 32°48′10″N 79°54′54″W / 32.80278, -79.915

Yokohama Bay Bridge, Japan


The Yokohama Bay Bridge (横浜ベイブリッジ, Yokohama Bei Buridji?) is a cable stayed bridge in Yokohama, Japan. Opened September 27, 1989, it crosses Tokyo Bay with a span of 460 meters (1,510 feet). The toll is ¥600. The bridge is part of the Bayshore Route of the Shuto Expressway.

Vidyasagar Setu (Second Hooghly bridge) India


Vidyasagar Setu (Bengali: বিদ্যাসাগর সেতু Biddashagor Shetu), commonly known as the Second Howrah Bridge or Second Hooghly Bridge, is a bridge over the Hooghly River in West Bengal, India. It links the city of Howrah to its twin city of Kolkata. The bridge is a toll bridge for vehicles. It is the longest bridge of its type in India and one of the longest in Asia.

The bridge is named after the 19th century Bengali reformist Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar.

bridge also has sister bridges over the river at different points, namely the Howrah Bridge (Rabindra Setu) and the Vivekananda Setu.

The Vidyasagar Setu is a cable-stayed bridge, with a main span of a little over 457 metres, and a deck 35 metres wide. Construction started in 1978 and the bridge was finally inaguarated on the 10th of October, 1992. The commissioning agency was the Hooghly River Bridge Commission (HRBC) and the contractors for the construction was the consortium of Braithwaite, Burn and Jessop also called BBJ.

Suez Canal Bridge, Mesir


An American ship passing under the bridge.


The Suez Canal Bridge, also known as the Mubarak Peace Bridge or the Egyptian-Japanese Friendship Bridge, is a road bridge crossing the Suez Canal at El Qantara. The Arabic al qantara means "the bridge". It has a 70 meter clearance over the canal and was built with assistance from the Japanese government. The contractor was PentaOcean Construction.

The Japanese grant, accounting for 60% of the construction cost (or 13.5 billion yen), was agreed to during the visit of President Mubarak to Japan in March 1995, as part of a larger project to develop the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt bore the remaining 40% (9 billion yen). The bridge opened in October, 2001.

The bridge is 3.9 km long, which consists a 400m cable stayed main span and two 1.8km long approach bridges. The height of the two main pylons supporting the main span is 154 m each. The towers were designed in the shape of Pharaonic obelisks.

The clearance under the bridge is 68 meters, which defines, therefore, the maximum height above the waterline (Suezmax) of ships that can pass through the Suez Canal.

Kap Shui Mun Bridge, Hong Kong


The Kap Shui Mun Bridge (KSMB; traditional Chinese: 汲水門大橋; simplified Chinese: 汲水门大桥; pinyin: Jíshuǐmén Dàqiáo; Cantonese Yale: kap1 seui2 mun4 daai6 kiu4) in Hong Kong is the longest cable-stayed bridge in the world that transports both road and railway traffic, with the upper deck for motor vehicles, and the lower deck for both vehicles and the MTR. It has a main span of 430 metres and an overall length of 750 metres. It spans the main marine channel, Kap Shui Mun, between Ma Wan and Lantau and provides vertical clearance of 47 metres above sea level.

Structural information
Span Lengths

The bridge was completed in 1997. The total length of the Kap Shui Mun Bridge includes a 70 m approach span on the Lantau side. A column in each of the back spans of the cable stayed bridge makes four 80 m spans to add to the 430 m main span. This brings the total length to 820 m. The 503 m Ma Wan Viaduct was constructed under the same contract as the KSMB. The viaduct connects the KSMB to the Tsing Ma Bridge, thus forming the Lantau Link that was built to provide access to the new airport. The navigation clearance of 47 m is part of the reason that the H-shaped towers are 150 m tall.

The Kap Shui Mun Bridge is not symmetrical in that the 160 m back span length (80 m + 80 m) is less than half of the main span length (half of 430 m is 215 m). To provide the balance that symmetry will normally provide, the bridge has composite cross sections. The central 387 m of the main span uses steel composite with concrete to make the cross section lighter. The back spans and the remaining main span are concrete cross sections. Using the lighter steel cross section in the majority of the main span serves to equalize the horizontal forces on the towers and balance the bridge. [3]

Because the lower deck carries both rail and traffic, the cross section is designed as a Vierendeel truss. This means that there are no diagonal members in the cross section and that vehicles and rail cars drive through the openings provided by the Vierendiel design.

Vasco da Gama Bridge, Portugal


The Vasco da Gama Bridge (Portuguese: Ponte Vasco da Gama, pron. IPA: ['põt(ɨ) 'vaʃku dɐ 'gɐmɐ]) is a cable-stayed bridge flanked by viaducts and roads that spans the Tagus River near Lisbon, capital of Portugal. It is the longest bridge in Europe (including viaducts), with a total length of 17.2 km (10.7 mi), including 0.829 km (0.5 mi) for the main bridge, 11.5 km (7.1 mi) in viaducts, and 4.8 km (3.0 mi) in dedicated access roads. Its purpose is to alleviate the congestion on Lisbon's other bridge (25 de Abril Bridge), and to join previously unconnected motorways radiating from Lisbon.

The bridge was opened to traffic on March 29, 1998, 18 months after construction first began, just in time for Expo 98, the World's Fair that celebrated the 500th anniversary of the discovery by Vasco da Gama of the sea route from Europe to India.


[edit] Description
The bridge carries six road lanes, with a speed limit of 120 km/h (75 mph), the same as motorways, except on one section which is limited to 100 km/h (60 mph). On windy, rainy and foggy days, the speed limit is reduced to 90 km/h (56 mph). The number of road lanes will be enlarged to eight when traffic reaches a daily average of 52,000.

Bridge sections
North access roads
North viaduct - 488 m (1,601 ft)
Expo viaduct - 672 m (2,205 ft); 12 sections
Main bridge - main span: 420 m (1,378 ft); side spans: 203 m (666 ft) each (total length: 829 m/2,720 ft); cement pillars: 150 m (492 ft)-high; free height for navigation in high tides: 45 m (148 ft);
Central viaduct - 6.351 m (20.84 ft); 80 pre-fabricated sections 78 m (256 ft)-long; 81 pillars up to 95 m (312 ft)-deep; height from 14 m (46 ft) to 30 m (98 ft)
South viaduct - 3.825 m (12.55 ft); 45 m (148 ft) sections; 84 sections; 85 pillars
South access roads - 3.895 m (12.78 ft); includes the toll plaza (18 gates) and two service areas

[edit] Construction and cost
The project was split in four parts, each one built by a different company, and supervised by an independent consortium. There were up to 3,300 workers simultaneously on the project, which took 18 months of preparation and another 18 months of construction.

The bridge has a life expectancy of 120 years, having been designed to withstand wind speeds of 250 km/h (155 mph) and hold up to an earthquake 4.5 times stronger than the historical 1755 Lisbon earthquake (estimated at 8.7 on the Richter scale). The deepest foundation piles, up to 2.2 m (7.2 ft) in diameter, were driven down to 95 m (312 ft) under mean sea level. Due to the bridge's length, it was necessary to take the Earth's curvature into account to site the piers correctly, otherwise a deviation of 80 cm (31 in) would be apparent at either end of the bridge. Environmental pressure throughout the project resulted in the left-bank viaducts being extended inland to preserve the marshes underneath, as well as the lamp posts throughout the bridge being tilted inwards so as not to cast light on the river below.

The cost of the bridge came at zero to the State, as it was built in the BOT (build-operate-transfer) system by Lusoponte, a private consortium which got a 40-year concession on the tolls of both Lisbon bridges. Lusoponte's capital is 50.4% from Portuguese companies, 24.8% French and 24.8% British.

As of 2008, the toll is €2.25 per passenger car (up to €10.10 per truck) northbound (into Lisbon). There is no toll for southbound traffic.

Official name Ponte Vasco da Gama
Carries Six road lanes
Crosses Tagus River
Locale Sacavém, north of Lisbon (right bank)
Municipality of Alcochete (left bank)
Maintained by Lusoponte [1]
Design cable-stayed, viaducts
Longest span 420 m (1,378 ft)
Total length 17.2 km (10.7 mi)
Width 30 m (98 ft)
Opening date March 29, 1998

Hitsuishijima Bridge, Japan


The Hitsuishijima Bridge (櫃石島橋, Hitsuishijima-kyō?) is a cable-stayed bridge with a center span of 420 metres (1,378 ft). The span carries roadway and the Seto-Ōhashi Line railway tracks. It is immediately north of the identical Iwakurojima Bridge (岩黒島橋, Iwakurojima-kyō?). It is the second northernmost bridge of the Seto-Shuo Expressway and with the other 5 bridges along this route are collectively known as the Seto-Ohashi Bridges.

Carries 4 lanes of roadway (upper)
2 rail lines (lower)
Crosses Seto Inland Sea
Locale Hitsuishijima
Maintained by Honshū-Shikoku Bridge Authority
Design Double-decked cable-stayed bridge
Longest span 420 metres (1,378 ft)
Total length 790 metres (2,592 ft)
Opening date 1988
Toll 4,850 Yen (Seto-Ohashi Bridge)
Coordinates 34°24′34″N, 133°48′27″E

Uddevalla Bridge, Sweden


The Uddevalla Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge crossing Sunninge sound near Uddevalla in the province of Bohuslan on the west coast of Sweden. The bridge was constructed as part of the rerouting of the European route E6 outside Uddevalla, which reduced traffic congestion in the city and shortened traveling distance by 12 kilometers.

Dimensions
The total length is 1712 meters (5617 feet), with a main span of 414 meters (1358 feet), there are a number of small approach spans at each end, and the two cable stayed side spans are 179 meters (587 feet) each. The clearance below the bridge is 51 meters (167 feet), and the two pylons are 149 meters (489 feet) tall. The cables are organised in the fan arrangement.

The bridge was constructed between 1996 and 2000 and was opened for traffic on May 20, 2000.

Construction notes
Structural engineering for the bridge was carried out by Johs Holt AS, and Skanska Teknik AB. Skanska AB also served as general contractor, with subcontractors Alpin Technik und Ingenieurservice GmbH (general), VSL International (cables), mageba (bearings), and PERI GmbH (Formwork and Scaffolding)

The cables are steel and the deck is composite steel-reinforced concrete, while the pylons are reinforced concrete. About 9,000 metric tonnes of structural steel and 35,000 cubic meters of concrete were used. The Skanska site (linked below) gives a project cost of SEK 723 M/ USD 85 M in 2000 currency values.

There is a problem with ice sticking to the cables in the winter, which can fall onto cars. The bridge has to be closed a few times per year for this reason. The alternative road is 12 km longer. Civil engineers have tested PETD (a way to use a burst of electricity to remove ice caked on walls or windows. For surfaces coated with a special film, the jolt gets rid of ice in less than a second, far less time than it takes to hack at it with an ice scraper.) and decided to cover the Uddevalla Bridge in a 12-mil-thick PETD foil to keep it from icing over.

Carries European route E6
Crosses Sunninge sound
Locale Swedish municipality of Uddevalla
Maintained by Swedish National Road Administration
Design Cable-stayed bridge
Longest span 414 m (1358 ft)
Total length 1712 m (5617 ft)
Width 2 vehicular lanes in each direction
Clearance below 51 m (167 ft)
Opening date May 20, 2000

Rande Bridge, Spain


Rande Bridge (coordinates: 42°17′17.81″N, 8°39′36.97″O) is a cable-stayed bridge that links the strips of land of the Strait of Rande on the ria (or ría) of Vigo.

Rande bridgeIt was designed by Italian engineer Fabrizio de Miranda, the Spaniard Florencio del Pozo (who was also in charge of its foundations) and Alfredo Passaro. The bridge was built in 1978. It forms part of the Atlántico toll road. It was exclusively a toll bridge until 2006; the toll was abolished in the section between Vigo and O Morrazo but there is still a toll on the other routes.

It has a length of 1,558 metres, its pillars have a height of 148 metres and its main span measures 401 metres. Although it was not the biggest (cable-stayed) span in the world when it opened, it was the longest span with more than two lanes.

The bridge, which links Redondela and Moaña through the Strait of Rande, is one of the world's longest bridges. It is currently the longest in Spain and it is an emblematic piece of engineering in the ria of Vigo.

It currently carries around 50,000 vehicles per day. It is believed that there will be congestion problems in the near future, so several alternatives are being planned. Since its opening to traffic in 1981, 231 million vehicles have passed through it. It cost 3.658 billion pesetas to build at the time and it has been recouped several times thanks to the recently-abolished tolls (23 May 2006).

As a result of the rise in traffic every year, a new bridge is being planned for the Ría in order to distribute traffic evenly. The new bridge will perhaps be on the eastern side of Vigo city, linking the Bouzas bypass to the O Morrazo highway in Cangas, although a very long bridge would be required; a tunnel has also been proposed but this could be much more complex.

Dames Point Bridge, USA


The Dames Point Bridge, seen from northbound SR 9A


The Dames Point Bridge (officially the Napoleon Bonaparte Broward Bridge) is a cable-stayed bridge over the St. Johns River in Jacksonville, Florida on State Road 9A. Construction began in 1985 and it was completed in 1989. Remarkably, no workers were killed during construction. The main span is 1300 feet, and is 175 feet high. The bridge was designed by HNTB Corporation.

Until the completion of the Sidney Lanier Bridge in Brunswick, Georgia in 2003, it was the only bridge in the United States to feature the harp (parallel) stay arrangement. The cables are arranged on multiple vertical planes, making a slight modification to the harp arrangement. Main span cables are paired to anchor into the tower in a vertical plane. Side span cables pair up to anchor in a horizontal plane. By doing this, four cables anchor in the tower at approximately the same elevation.

Trapped inspectors
On May 15, 1989, the rope holding up a bucket used in an inspection of the bridge failed, leaving workers trapped. All workers were successfully rescued. The story of this rescue effort was aired on Rescue 911 on September 12 of the same year.

Official name Napoleon Bonaparte Broward Bridge
Carries six general purpose lanes
Crosses St. Johns River
Locale Jacksonville, Florida
Maintained by Florida Department of Transportation
ID number 720518
Design continuous prestressed concrete cable-stayed bridge
Longest span 396.2 meters (1300 feet)
Total length 3244.9 meters (10646 feet)
Width 32.2 meters (106 feet)
Vertical clearance 12.11 meters (39.7 feet)
Clearance below 48.7 meters (160 feet)
Opening date March 1989

Big Obukhovsky Bridge, Russia


The Big Obukhovsky Bridge (Russian: Большо́й Обу́ховский мост, Bolshoy Obukhovsky most) is the newest (not taking into account the Blagoveshchensky Bridge rebuilt in 2007) bridge across the Neva River in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It is also the only bridge across the Neva which is not a drawbridge.

It is located in Nevsky District, in the middle stream of the Neva. It connects Obukhovskaya Oborona Prospekt with Oktyabrskaya Embankment. It is a cable-stayed bridge; the steel wipe ropes are the key element of supporting construction.

The bridge is located in a part of the Neva that is difficult to navigate as the Neva bends after it. Interchanges with Oktyabrskaya Embankment and Obukhovskaya Oborona Prospekt are complex enough. The first is built on thus far unoccupied right bank of the Neva, while the second one is squeezed into tiny plot of land between residential buildings on Rabfak Street and Obukhovskaya Oborona Prospekt. Besides, tram line and rail road from Obukhovo railway station to Obukhov State Plant are located there.

The full length of the bridge passage is 2824 m, including 382 m long main span and ramps. The height of main span is 30 meters.

The first part of the bridge was opened on 15 December 2004. It is an important part of Saint Petersburg Ring Road.

It was the first time in the history of the city when the name of the bridge was chosen by a referendum among residents of Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast. Among suggested names were, for example, "Olga Berggolts Bridge" and others. The bridge is named after the nearby Obukhovsky Okrug, considering that there is Obukhovsky Bridge in Saint Petersburg already.

On 19th of October 2007 a "twin bridge" of Big Obukhovsky Bridge, the second 4-lane part of it, was open.

Carries Saint Petersburg Ring Road (4 lanes each bridge, 8 lanes total)
Crosses Neva River
Locale Saint Petersburg
Design Cable-stayed bridge
Longest span 382 meters
Total length 2824 meters
Width 25 meters each bridge
Height 120.5 meters
Clearance below 30 meters
Opening date 15 December 2004; 19 October 2007 (twin bridge)
Coordinates 59°51′14.7″N, 30°29′32.65″E

Suramadu Bridge Indonesia




































Jembatan Suramadu adalah jembatan terpanjang di Indonesia saat ini, yang menjadikannya salah satu landmark dan ikon Indonesia, khususnya masyarakat Jawa Timur.

Jembatan Suramadu memiliki panjang 5.438 km dan menghubungkan pulau Jawa (di Surabaya) dan pulau Madura (di Bangkalan). Pembangunan jembatan ini ditujukan untuk mempercepat pembangunan di pulau Madura, meliputi bidang infrastruktur dan ekonomi di Madura, yang relatif tertinggal dibandingkan kawasan lain di Jawa Timur.

Jembatan ini diresmikan pembangunannya oleh Presiden Megawati Soekarnoputri pada 20 Agustus 2003.

Jembatan Suramadu terdiri dari 3 bagian yaitu causeway, approach bridge dan main bridge.

Perkiraan biaya pembangunan jembatan ini adalah Rp. 4,5 trilyun.

Pembuatan jembatan ini dilakukan dari tiga sisi, sisi Madura, sisi Surabaya. Sementara secara bersamaan juga dilakukan pembangunan bentang tengah yang terdiri dari main bridge dan approach bridge. Jembatan ini direncanakan selesai pada akhir 2008 dan dioperasikan pada awal 2009.

Jembatan Selat Sunda, Indonesia


The Sunda Strait Bridge is a planned road and railway connection between the two Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Java. After years of discussion and planning, eventually in October 2007 the Indonesian government gave the initial go-ahead for what will become the world’s longest suspension bridge, across the 26km (16mi) Sunda Strait.

The $10bn project is for a series of bridges carrying a six lane highway and double track railway traversing the three islands of Prajurit, Sangiang and Ular in the strait. The longest span is projected to be about 3km, which is more than 50% longer than the longest existing structure, the Akashi-Kaikyo bridge in Japan. According to officials in the consortium that plan to build the bridge, construction would begin in 2012 if feasibility studies confirmed it was viable, with the first travelers crossing in 2025.

The project's greatest challenge is the fact that the strait lies in one of the world's most dangerous earthquake zones. Sumatra is frequently rocked by significant tremors and more than 230,000 people were killed when a 9.0-magnitude quake in December 2004 triggered a tsunami. Many active volcanoes lie in the area, including Krakatoa only 40km away, that has erupted repeatedly, massively, and with disastrous consequences throughout recorded history. The best known eruption culminated in a series of massive explosions on 26-27 August 1883, which killed tens of thousands of people.

The bridge would significantly cut the travel time between the islands, which takes several hours by ferry. Some 20 million people crossed the strait in 2006 and the figure is forecast to double by 2020. It would relieve mounting pressure on Java, home to 130 million people, whereas the population of the whole of Sumatra, which is three times larger in area, is 47 million. The capital Jakarta lies some 100km (65mi) to the east (on Java) of the strait.



Q: Dimanakah lokasi Pembangunan Jembatan Selat Sunda?

A. Lokasi di Selat Sunda yaitu Selat yang menghubungkan Pulau Sumatera dengan Pulau Jawa di Indonesia


Q: Berapakah panjang Jembatan Selat Sunda?

A: Diperkirakan sekitar 30 KM


Q: Berapakah tinggi jembatan dari air laut (vertical clearance)?

A: Vertical clearance diperkirakan 75 Meter


Q: Apakah Type Jembatan Selat Sunda?

A: Tiga seksi Jembatan Bentang Pendek & 2 Seksi Jembatan Bentang Panjang (Jembatan Gantung)


Q: Berapakah panjang Jembatan Gantung?

A: Panjang Jembatan Bentang Panjang (Jembatan Gantung) diperkirakan 5500 meter & 5000 meter


Q: Berapakah panjang bentang utama (Main Span)?

A: Panjang bentang sekitar 2750 meter & 2500 meter

Inilah Jembatan yang terpanjang di dunia dalam kategori Cable Suspension Style dan juga terpanjang di Indonesia.

Itu yang Jembatan Selat Sunda uda masuk anggaran? Atau masih kajian ya?
Klo gw agak sangsi..
Kayaknya kecenderungan terjadinya gempa + sunami cukup besar ya..
Secara berhadapan langsung sama patahan yang ada di bagian barat-selatan Indonesia

Vasco da Gama Bridge, Portugal




Jembatan Vasco da Gama adalah jembatan yang melintasi Sungai Tagus, yang terletak di dekat Lisbon, Portugal. Dengan panjang 17.200 m, jembatan ini adalah jembatan terpanjang di Eropa. Jembatan ini dibuka untuk umum pada 29 Maret 1998, hanya 18 bulan setelah konstruksi dimulai.

Official name Ponte Vasco da Gama
Carries Six road lanes
Crosses Tagus River
Locale Sacavém, north of Lisbon (right bank)
Municipality of Alcochete (left bank)
Maintained by Lusoponte [1]
Design cable-stayed, viaducts
Longest span 420 m (1,378 ft)
Total length 17.2 km (10.7 mi)
Width 30 m (98 ft)
Opening date March 29, 1998

gua kagum ama negara 2 yang telah bro TS sebutkan di atas, begitu tingginya komitmen mereka untuk membangun negerinya sementara gua ngerasain miris banget di negara kita contohnya di propinsi gua yaitu lampung, dimana rencana untuk pembangunan jembatan selat sunda yang merupakan kerjasama antara pemprov lampung dan banten memiliki banyak kendala sehingga ga tau realisasi nya sampai sekarang.

mudah2 an jembatan selat sunda segera terealisasi yah...

tapi sayangnya kontraktor2 kita cuma kebagian jatah bikin aproach bridge nya aja, sedangkan main bridge (cable stay) dikerjain ama kontraktor cina

btw thx banget buat bro @william99 n kalo gw boleh minta tlg (kalo bisa) dilengkapi sama kelas beton, diameter cable stay, konstruksi tower / pier, pondasi dll ya bro

Ting Kau Bridge, Hong Kong


Ting Kau Bridge (traditional Chinese: 汀九橋; simplified Chinese: 汀九桥; pinyin: Tīngjiǔ Qiáo; Cantonese Yale: ding1 gau2 kiu4) is a 1,177 m long cable-stayed bridge in Hong Kong that spans from the northwest of Tsing Yi Island and Tuen Mun Road. It is adjacent to Tsing Ma Bridge which also serves as major connector between the Hong Kong International Airport on Lantau Island and the rest of Hong Kong. It was completed in 1998. The bridge is toll-free.

The bridge is part of Route 3, connecting North-west New Territories with Hong Kong Island. Other major infrastructures on the road includes Tai Lam Tunnel, Cheung Tsing Tunnel, Cheung Tsing Bridge and Western Harbour Crossing. Compared to the nearby bridges on Lantau Link, Ting Kau Bridge is not just a landmark structure but also carries the heaviest traffic volume of the bridges, with many container trucks travelling to and from mainland China and the HK container port. A chromatic study and specially designed architectural lighting are intended to set the bridge off in its surroundings.

Ting Kau Bridge is the world's first major 4-span cable-stayed bridge. This meant that the central tower had to be stabilised longitudinally, the problem being solved using the longest (465 m) cable stays ever used in a bridge. The design of this bridge contains special features such as single leg towers, which are stabilised by transverse cables just like masts of a sailboat. The Ting Kau Bridge and approach viaducts link the western New Territories and the mainland to an expressway called Lantau Fixed Crossing, which connects the new Airport with Kowloon and Hong Kong. It meets the Lantau Fixed Crossing on Tsing Yi Island only 500 m from the Tsing Ma Bridge.

The Ting Kau Bridge and Approach Viaduct are 1,875 metres long while the triple tower bridge has an overall length of 1,177 metres. Three towers have been specially designed to withstand extreme wind and typhoon conditions, with heights of 170 metres, 194 metres, and 158 metres, located on the Ting Kau headland, on a reclaimed island in Rambler Channel (which spans 900 metres wide) and on the north-west Tsing Yi shoreline respectively.

The arrangement of separate decks on both sides of the 3 towers contributes to the slender appearance of the bridge while acting favourably under heavy wind and typhoon loads. Each deck carries 3 traffic lanes and a hard shoulder.

At a design & construction cost of HK$1.94 billion, it is one of the longest cable-stayed bridges in the world. Along with the Tsing Ma and Kap Shui Mun bridges, it is closely monitored by the Wind and Structural Health Monitoring System (WASHMS).

Ting Kau Contractors Joint Venture designed and built Ting Kau Bridge between 1994 and 1998. The joint venture comprised lead partners Cubiertas Y Mzov (22%) and Entrecanales Y Tavora (22%), both of Spain (now both part of Acciona, S.A); Germany's Ed. Züblin (22%); Australia's Downer and Co (22%); and Hong Kong's Paul Y (12%)

Ting Kau Bridge
汀九橋
Carries 6 lanes of roadway
Crosses Rambler Channel
Locale Tsing Yi Island and Ting Kau
Design Cable-stayed bridge
Longest span 448 and 475 meters
Total length 1,177 meters
Opening date 1998


Measurements
Total Length: 1,177 m
Length of main spans: 448 m and 475 m
Main Tower Height: 201.55 m
Ting Kau Tower Height: 173.30 m
Tsing Yi Tower Height: 164.30 m
Deck surface: 46,000 m²
Deck cable steel: 2,800 tonnes
Structural steel deck: 8,900 tonnes
Weight of concrete panels 29,000 tonnes
Distance of wind give: 0.5 metres
Reinforcement deck: 90 kg/m²
Reinforcement towers: 200 kg/m²
Spans: 127 + 448 + 475 + 127 m
Number of stay cables: 384
Movements
Vertical at mid-span: 1.6 metres
Lateral at mid-span: 0.4 metres
Longitudinal at End Pier or Tsing Yi Abutment: 390 millimetres

Vidyasagar Setu, India


Vidyasagar Setu (commonly known as the Second Hooghly Bridge), is a bridge over the Hooghly River in West Bengal, India. It links the city of Howrah to its twin city of Kolkata. The bridge is a toll bridge for vehicles, but is free for bicycles. It is one of the longest bridges of its type in India and one of the longest in Asia.

The bridge is named after the 19th century Bengali reformist Shri Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar.



The bridge also has sister bridges over the river at different points, namely the Howrah Bridge (Rabindra Setu) and the Vivekananda Setu.

The Vidyasagar Setu is a cable-stayed bridge, with a main span of a little over 457 metres, and a deck 35 metres wide. Construction started in 1978 and the bridge was finally inaguarated on the 10th of October, 1992. The commissioning agency was the Hooghly River Bridge Commission (HRBC) and the contractors for the construction was the consortium of Braithwaite, Burn and Jessop also called BBJ.

Carries 6 general purpose lanes
Crosses Hooghly River
Locale Calcutta,West Bengal
Maintained by Hooghly River Bridge Commissioners
Design Cable hanging bridge
Longest span 457.2 metres (1,500 ft)
Total length 823 metres (2,700 ft)
Width 35 metres (115 ft)
Clearance below 26 metres (85 ft)
Opening date 10th October, 1992

Sunshine Skyway Bridge, Florida USA


The Sunshine Skyway Bridge, spanning Florida's Tampa Bay, is the world's longest bridge with a cable-stayed main span, with a length of 29,040 feet (exactly 5.5 miles or approximately 8.85 km). It is part of I-275 (SR 93) and US 19 (SR 55), connecting St. Petersburg in Pinellas County and Terra Ceia in Manatee County, Florida, passing through Hillsborough County waters. Construction of the current bridge began in 1982, and the completed bridge was dedicated on February 7, 1987. The new bridge cost $244 million to build, and was opened to traffic on April 20, 1987.



It is constructed of steel and concrete. Twenty-one steel cables clad in nine-inch steel tubes along the center line of the bridge support the structure. It was designed by the Figg & Muller Engineering Group, and built by the American Bridge Company.

In November 2005, an act of Florida Legislature officially named the current bridge the Bob Graham Sunshine Skyway Bridge, after the Governor of Florida who presided over its design and most of its construction. According to sources, he was inspired to suggest the current design by a visit to France, where he saw a similar cable-stayed bridge. The original bridge was dedicated to state engineer William E Dean, as noted on a plaque displayed at the south rest area of the bridge.

The Travel Channel rated the Sunshine Skyway #3 in its special on the "Top 10 Bridges" in the World. The bridge is considered the "flag bridge" of Florida.

One of the major problems with the Sunshine Skyway Bridge is corrosion of the steel in the precast concrete segments. Because the segments are hollow, workers were able to enter the bridge superstructure in 2003 and 2004 to reinforce the corroded sections of the bridge, ensuring its future safety. Another problem arose around 2005–2006 when several news bureaus uncovered peeling paint on the bridge's cables. These paint splotches and patches were a result of touch-ups that were performed over the years but began to show through over recent years. In 2008, FDOT began an overhaul including repainting the cables in their entirety (instead of touching up), rehabilitating the lighting system at the summit of the bridge, as well as repainting the concrete retaining walls.



The original Sunshine Skyway Bridge
The present bridge replaces a steel cantilever bridge of the same name. The original two-lane bridge was completed in 1954, with a similar structure built parallel to it in 1969 to make it a four-lane bridge and bring it to Interstate standards.

The old bridge replaced a ferry from Point Pinellas to Piney Point. US 19 was extended from St. Petersburg to its current end north of Palmetto when the bridge opened.

The original Sunshine Skyway Bridge is featured in the old-time radio series "Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar" in the episode "The Fancy Bridgework Matter" (11/22/1959) and in the original opening credits to the 1988 Superboy TV series which showed the hero flying over the damaged original span and then turning to view the new bridge under construction.

The remaining approaches to the old cantilever bridge remain in use as Skyway Fishing Pier State Park

bro TS, klo bisa minta pic tentang tahapan pembuatannya.

dahsyat!!!

kpan di indonesia ada??

nice post

Kereeen bro, tp mungkin lebih bae' klo di translate dulu, ga' smua bro" lancar baca Inggris khan
Makasih udh share info pentingnya yah

jembatan yang pertama kenapa di bangun belok2 gitu yah,,bukannya lurus aja
kalo gitu bukannya malah jadi lebih mahal ye,,,

Bro, klo jembatan purba yg di sebut Adam Brigde ...masuk terpanjang di dunia ga ...?

wahh... keren2 om... nambah wawasan yeuh...
indo juga ada yak... bagus2.... indonesia ga kalah keren juga jembatannya

Dubai boasts many new architectural projects unseen in other parts of the world and wants to add an arch bridge, longest and tallest in the world, by 2012. The project will cost an estimated 3 billion Dirhams ($816 million dollars).Dubai wants to invest for the future that is not dependent on petroleum revenues as its oil reserves are depleting. It has built many advanced projects like the Burj al-Arab, the world’s tallest hotel, artificial islands that resemble the shape of the world, Hydropolis, the world’s first underwater hotel and many more.
And with this new arch bridge it will add another landmark to the impressive total it already has.
The world’s longest arch bridge will be built at a cost estimate of 3 billion Dirhams ($816.9 million dollars) and will be accomplished by the year 2012.
But is this project necessary? According to a recent environmental study the bridge which said it is a totally unnecessary project to improve the infrastructure and recommended the builders to work on sustainable development projects. The UAE rulers have other ideas and determine to complete it as planned.

Dubai Arch Bridge - World's Longest and Tallest Bridge.
Other salient features of this arch bridge are:
*The Crossing has a length of 1600 meters and a width of 64 meters.
*The Crossing consists of 12 lanes; 6 lanes at each direction.
*The giant arch has a height of 205 meters and a length of 667 meters; considered the longest arch-bridge in the world.
*The Green Line of Dubai Metro passes across the center of the Crossing.
*The Crossing rises 15 meters above the water level, allowing free navigation 24 hours a day.

The Kawazu-Nanadaru Loop Bridge consists of two spirals, each 1.1 km long, 80-meter in diameter - the only way for traffic to get down the mountainside into the valley, too steep for any other usual road-building solutions. The busy Route 414 serves the weekend crowd from Tokyo, intent to wind down at the hot springs resort of the Izu Peninsula. The "winding down" bit obviously starts at this bridge. Built in 1981, the double-spiral structure demands careful driving - the speed limit on the bridge is only 30 km/h, which also helps to better enjoy the views.

Panjang dah biasa....!!
ini yang ga biasa...
Terletak sekitar 30 menit dari Painan, Jembatan Akar merupakan salah satu objek wisata paling unik di Sumatera Barat. Jembatan hidup yang melintasi sungai Bayang ini terbuat dari akar dua bohon beringin yang saling bertautan. Berbeda dengan jembatan pada umumnya yang semakin lama semakin lemah, jembatan akar dengan bertambah usianya pohon beringin semakin bertambah kuat. Konon jembatan ini di desain oleh seorang ulama bernama Pakih Sokan pada awal 1900 an.